Fifth Generation Computer History
by the Computer History
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The following description of the Fifth Generation Computer History ..
Defining a fifth-generation computer becomes quite difficult because this stage is still very young. Examples are the fifth generation computer imaginative fictional HAL9000 computer from the novel by Arthur C. Clarke titled 2001: Space Odyssey.
HAL displays all the desired functions from a fifth-generation computer. With artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence), the HAL may have enough reason to do percapakan with humans, using visual feedback, and learning from his own experience.
Although it may be the realization of HAL9000 still far from reality, many of the functions that had been established. Some computers can receive verbal instructions and be able to mimic human reasoning. The ability to translate a foreign language also becomes possible. This facility is deceptively simple. However, such facilities become much more complicated than expected when programmers realized that human pengertia highly dependent on the context and meaning rather than simply translate the words directly.
Many advances in computer design and technology enables the creation semkain fifth generation computer. Two engineering advances which are mainly parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the non-Neumann model. Non Neumann model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate many CPUs to work in unison. Another advancement is the superconducting technology that allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which will accelerate the speed of information.
Japan is a country well known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer project. Institution ICOT (Institute for New Computer Technology) was established to make it happen. Many news stating that this project has failed, but some other information that the success of this fifth generation computer project will bring new changes in the world of computerized paradigm.
We are waiting for which information is more valid and bore fruit.
Tags: HAL9000, the Institute for New Computer Technology, ICOT Institute, computer history, history of the Fifth Generation Computer, Space Odyssey
Fourth Generation Computer History
by the Computer History
in Development of Computers, computer history
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Following the Fourth Generation Computer History ...
After IC, the only place to go was down the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components on a chip. In the 1980s, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components in a single chip.
Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. Ability to install so many components in a chip that berukurang half coins encourage lower prices and the size of a computer. It also increased their power, efficiency and reliability.
Intel chips are made in the year 4004 brought progress in IC 1971 by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a chip is very small. Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor can be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the requirements. Soon, every household devices like microwave ovens, television, nd car with electronic fuel injection equipped with microprocessors.
Such developments allow ordinary people to use a regular computer. Computers no longer be a dominant big companies or government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer assemblers to offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minikomputer, sold with a software package that is easy to use by the layman. The most popular software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest for more sophisticated home computer and can be programmed.
In 1981, IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices and schools. The number of PCs that use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continue its evolution toward a smaller size, of computers that are on the table (desktop computers) into a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be grasped (palmtops).
IBM PC to compete with Apple Macintosh computers in the fight over the market. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the graphical system on his computer, while his rival was still using a text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the journey with the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the fourth generation of computer classes.
Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, new ways to explore the potential to be developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, komputerkomputer can be linked together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. Computer networks allow computers to form a single electronic cooperation to complete a process task.
By using direct cabling (also called local area network, LAN), or telephone cable, the network can become very large.
Thus a brief history of fourth-generation computers.
Source: Muhammad Ilias Iyas
Tags: AMD K6, Athlon, Intel 4004 chip, the IBM PC, IBM PC/486, minikomputer, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, Personal Computer, computer history, Fourth Generation Computer History, ULSI, Ultra-Large Scale Integration , Very Large Scale Integration, VLSI
History of Third Generation Computers
by the Computer History
in Development of Computers, computer history
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Third Generation Computer History ...
Although the transistors in many respects the vacuum tube, but transistors generate substantial heat, which could potentially damage the internal parts of a computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem.
Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components in a tiny silicon disc made of quartz sand.
Scientists later managed to fit more components into a single chip called a semiconductor.Result, computers became ever smaller as more components can be squeezed onto the chip.
Other third-generation development is the use of operating system (operating system) which allows the engine to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.
Tags: integrated circuit, Jack Kilby, quartz rock, computer history, history of Third Generation Computers, operating systems
Second Generation Computer History
by the Computer History
in Development of Computers, computer history
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Following the Second Generation Computer History:
Starting in 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly influenced the development of a computer. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in television, radio, and computers. As a result, the size of electronic machinery has been reduced drastically. The transistor used in computers began in 1956. In other findings in the form of development-magnetic core memory to help the development of second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than its predecessor.
The first machine that utilizes this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC. These computers, which was developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability that is needed by researchers atoms. The machine was very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting its popularity.
There are only two LARC has ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and others in the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC The second-generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations-singakatan to replace the binary code.
In the early 1960s, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, in universities and in government. The second generation of computers is an entirely computer using transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage on disks, memory, operating systems and programs.
One important example on the computer was the IBM 1401 is widely accepted in the industry.In 1965, almost all large businesses use computers to process the second generation of financial information.
Programs stored in computers and programming language that is in it gives flexibility to the computer. Flexibility is increased performance at a reasonable price for business use. With this concept, the computer can print invoices and then run the consumer purchases the product design or calculate payroll.
Some programming languages began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into common use. This programming language replaces complicated machine code with words, sentences, and math formulas more easily understood by humans. This allows a person to program and manage the computer. Various New types of careers (programmer, analyst, and computer systems expert). Software industry also began to emerge and evolve during this second-generation computers.
Tags: COBOL, IBM 1401, LARC, Computer history, Computer History of the Second Generation, Sprery-Rand, Stretch, supercomputers
History of the First Generation Computers
by the Computer History
in Development of Computers, computer history
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Here's First Generation Computer History:
At the time of the Second World War, the countries that participate in that war continue to try to develop computers that will be used to exploit their potential strategic computer. Because of this, hence the increase in funding from the state to accelerate the development of computer and technical progress.
And in 1941, an engineer in Germany - Konrad Zuse Z3 successfully developed a computer that is used to design airplanes and missiles.
On the other hand, pihal allies are also making progress in the development of computing power. And the British side in 1943 had completed a computer that is used to solve the secret code-named Colossus, to break the secret code used by German military. And the impact of making this Colussus not have a significant influence on the development of the computer industry caused by several reasons, namely:
Colossus is not a general computer (all purpose), is only used to solve the secret code only.
And the existence of the computer was kept secret until decades after the war ended.
In addition, there are other businesses that do the United States at that time and managed to achieve progress lainnnya, is an engineer at Harvard - Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973) who worked with IBM succeeded in producing electronic calculators for the U.S. Navy. The calculator is a length of half a football field and has a range of cable along 500mil. The Harvd-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, an electronic relay computer. He uses electromagnetic signals to move the mechanical components. Beropreasi machine is slow (it takes 3-5 seconds per calculation) and inflexible (in order of calculations can not be changed.)The calculator can perform basic arithmetic and more complex equations.
Then the other computer developments at that time the Electronic Numerical Integrator and is the Computer (ENIAC), which was created by the cooperation between the United States government and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer was such a huge machine that consume power equal to 160kW.
Computers were designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile computer (general-purpose computers) that work 1000 times faster than Mark I.
In the mid 1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the team of University of Pennsylvania computer desin build concept that the next 40 years is still used in computer engineering. Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with sebuh memory to accommodate both programs or data.
This technique allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume her job back.Primary Key Von Neumann architecture is the central processing unit (CPU), which allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through a single source. In 1951, UNIVAC I (the Universal Automatic Computer I) made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer that utilizes the von Neumann architecture model.
Both the United States Census Bureau and General Electric have a UNIVAC. One of the impressive results achieved by the UNIVAC dalah success in predicting victory Dwilight D.Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election.
First generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions were made specifically for a particular task. Each computer has a program different binary-coded-called "machine language" (machine language). This causes the computer is difficult to be programmed and the speed limit. Another feature is the use of first generation computer vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time are very large) and the cylindrical magnetic data storage.
Among the first generation of computer history ...
Tags: Colossus, ENIAC, Howard H. Aiken, John Presper Eckert, John W. Mauchly, the progress of computer engineering, computer Z3, Konrad Zuse, the Mark I, the development of computers, computer history, history of first-generation computer, UNIVAC I
