History of Computer Ethics
Computers found by Howard Aiken in the year 1973 computer discovery in 1973 was a milestone in the birth of computer ethics which later evolved to become a new discipline in the field of technology.
First generation (1940s)
There are two important events in the 1940s that World War II and the rise of computer technology. During World War II, Professor Norbert Wiener to develop an antiaircraft cannon capable of paralyzing any aircraft passing in the vicinity. Wiener trigger the development of weapons for consideration other than the advancement of science and technology ethics. In their study, Wiener predict the occurrence of social revolution of information technology development as outlined in a book entitled Cybernetics: Control and Communication in the Animal and Machine. Wiener's research has been continued until the 1950s. Although Wiener never use the term computer ethics in every book, the concept of thinking has produced a solid foundation in the development of computer ethics in the future.
Generation II (1960s era)
Increased number of computers in that era makes Donn Parker of SRI International Menlo Park, California, conducts research on the use of computers illegally. According to Parker, a computer crime occurs because most people ignore the ethics of computer usage. Thought Parker became the pioneer professional code of ethics in the field of computers (Professional Ethics).
Generation III (1970s era)
Artificial intelligence or artificial intelligence to trigger the development of computer programs that allow humans to interact directly with the computer, one of which is ELIZA. Rogerian psychotherapy program was created by Joseph Weizenbaum and invite a lot of controversy because Weizenbaum has conducted a computerized psychotherapy in the medical field. The term computer ethics are then used by Walter Maner in response to problems brought about by the use of computers at that time. This era continued until the 1980s heyday and became a computer ethics, especially after the publication of the first textbook on computer ethics, written by Deborah Johnson with the title of Computer Ethics.
Generation IV (1990s era)
Research and rapidly evolving computer ethics training starting in 1990 until today. Various conferences, research, journals, articles and books on computer ethics continues to grow so that the world community realizes the importance of ethics in computer use. Computer ethics is also the basis on the birth of regulations or laws on computer crime.
[Edit] Issues About Computer Ethics
The birth of computer ethics as a new discipline in the field of technology can not be separated from issues surrounding the use of computers, including computer crime, netiquette, e-commerce, intellectual property infringement (Intelekstual Property Rights) and professional responsibility.
[Edit] Computer Crime
Computer crime or computer crime is a crime that posed by the use of computers illegally.Computer crime continues to grow in line with current computer technology. Some types of computer crime include Denial of Service (a service crippling computer systems), the spread of viruses, spam, carding (theft over the Internet) and others.
[Edit] netiquette
The Internet is an important aspect in the development of computer technology. The Internet is a network that connects computers in the world so the computer can access each other. Internet becomes the new opportunities in business development, education, healthcare, government services and other fields. Through the Internet, human interaction can be done without having to come face to face. The high level of internet usage in the world gave birth to a new rule of netiquette in the internet. Netiquette is a reference to ethics in communication using the Internet. Netiquette standards defined by IETF (The Internet Engineering Task Force), an international community consisting of operators, network designers and researchers associated with the operation of the Internet.
[Edit] E-commerce
The rise of Internet usage in the world affect the economic conditions and trading countries.Through the Internet, transactions can be done quickly and efficiently. However, trading via the internet or better known as e-commerce produces new problems such as consumer protection, issues of contract transactions, tax issues and cases of forgery of digital signatures. To address these issues, buyers and sellers use the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce in 1996 as a reference in carrying out transactions via the Internet.
[Edit] Violations of IPR (Intellectual Property Rights)
Various services offered by the Internet resulted in violations of intellectual property such as computer program piracy, sales and illegal downloading of illegal programs.
[Edit] Professional Responsibility
The development of computer technology has opened up new jobs as programmers, computer engineer, graphic designers and others. The workers have a very high interaction with the computer so it requires a deep understanding of computer ethics and professional responsibility that apply.
[Edit] Computer Ethics in Indonesia
Indonesia is one country in the world's largest computer user so the application of computer ethics in society is needed. Indonesia using the same rationale to other countries in accordance with the existing history of computer ethics. The introduction of computer technology into the curriculum mandatory in schools, from elementary school (SD) to high school (high school equivalent). Students and employees are required to be able to operate basic computer programs like Microsoft Office. The high use of computers in Indonesia triggered violations in the use of the Internet. Survey of Business Software Alliance (BSA) in 2001 put Indonesia in the third position as the country with the largest piracy case in the world after Vietnam and China.The amount of piracy rate in Indonesia to make the government of the Republic of Indonesia become more frequent prosecution of computer crime based on Copyright Law No. 19 of 2002 (revised from UUHC No. 6 Year 1982 and UUHC No. 12 Year 1997). This effort by the government of Indonesia to protect the work of others and uphold the ethics of computer usage in Indonesia.
